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NOTE Combustion generally emits effluent accompanied by flames and/or visible light.

heat of combustion

thermal energy produced by combustion of unit of mass of a given substance (EN ISO 13943)

NOTE It is expressed in joules per kilogram.

gross heat of combustion (PCS)

heat of combustion of a substance when the combustion is complete and any produced water is entirely condensed under specified conditions (EN ISO 13943)

3.1.22

net heat of combustion (PCI)

heat of combustion of a substance when the combustion is complete and any produced water is in the vapour state under specified conditions (EN ISO 13943)

NOTE The net heat of combustion may be calculated from the gross heat of combustion.

3.1.23

contribution to fire

energy released by a product influencing the fire growth both in pre- and post-flashover situations

3.1.24

ignitability

measure of the ease with which an item can be ignited, under specified conditions (EN ISO 13943)

3.1.25

heat release

calorific energy which is released by the combustion of an item under specified conditions (EN ISO 13943)

3.1.26

small fire attack

thermal attack produced by a small flame like a match or a lighter

3.1.27

level of exposure

intensity, duration and extent of the thermal attack on a product

3.1.28

flame spread

vertical flame spread (F_s) is the highest point reached by the flame tip, as measured in the test in EN ISO 11925-2

NOTE Lateral flame spread is the furthest extent of travel of a sustained flame, as measured in the EN 13823 test.

3.1.29

sustained flaming

existence of flame on or over a surface for a minimum period of time (EN ISO 13943)

NOTE The period of time required will vary across different standards, but it is usually of the order of 10 s.

3.1.30

fully developed fire

state of total involvement of combustible materials in a fire (EN ISO 13943)

3.1.31

flashover

transition to a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within an enclosure (EN ISO 13943)

3.1.32

flaming droplets/particles

material separating from the specimen during the fire test and continuing to flame for a minimum period as described by the test method

3.1.33

critical heat flux at extinguishment (CHF)

incident heat flux (kW/пт) at the surface of a specimen at the point where the flame ceases to advance and may subsequently go out.

NOTE The heat flux value reported is based on interpolations of measurements with a non-combustible calibration board.

3.1.34

heat flux at X minutes (HF-X)

total heat flux (kW/m²) received by the specimen at the most distant spread of flame position observed during the first X minutes of the test

3.1.35

critical heat flux (CHF)

heat flux at which the flame extinguishes (CHF) or the heat flux after a test period of 30 min (HF-30), whichever is the lower value

NOTE It is the flux corresponding with the furthest extent of spread of flame within 30 min.

3.1.36

smoke hazard

potential for injury and/or damage from smoke

3.1.37

FIGRA

fire growth rate index used for classification purposes

EXAMPLE:

For the classes A2 and B, FIGRA = FIGRA₀,2mj

For the classes C and D, FIGRA = FIGRAo^mj

For the classes A2_L, B_L, and C_L, FIGRA = FIGRA₀,_2Mj

For the class D_L, FIGRA = FIGRAo.wj

3.1.38

FIGRA₀2mj

maximum of the quotient of heat release rate from the specimen and the time of its occurrence using a THR-threshold of 0,2 MJ

NOTE FIGRAoimj is defined in more detail in EN 13823.

3.1.39

F/G/?A₀,4MJ

maximum of the quotient of heat release rate from the specimen and the time of its occurrence using a THR threshold of 0,4 MJ

NOTE The FIGRAo 4mj is defined in more detail in EN 13823.

3.1.40

SMOGRA

smoke growth rate. The maximum of the quotient of smoke production rate from the specimen and the time of its occurrence

NOTE The SMOGRA is defined in more detail in EN 13823.

E) 3.1.41

direct field of application

outcome of a process (involving the application of defined rules) whereby a test result is deemed to be equally valid for variations in one or more of the product properties and/or intended end use applications

3.1.42

extended field of application

outcome of a process (involving the application of defined rules that may incorporate calculation procedures) that predicts, for a variation of a product property and/or its intended end use application(s), a test result on the basis of one or more test results to the same test standard

3.1.43

extended application result

predicted result for performance parameter obtained following the process of extended field of application

3.1.44

extended application report

document reporting extended application results, including all details of the process leading to those results, prepared in accordance with prEN 15725

The symbols and notations correspond to those given in the appropriate test method.

AT temperature rise [K]

Am mass loss [%]

F_s flame spread [mm]

FIGRA fire growth rate index used for classification purposes

FIGRA_{0 2MJ} fire growth rate index at THR threshold of 0,2 MJ

FIGRAo,4mj tire growth rate index at THR threshold of 0,4 MJ

LFS lateral flame spread [m]

PCS gross calorific potential [MJ/kg or MJ/m²]

PCI net calorific potential [MJ/kg or MJ/m²]

SMOGRA smoke growth rate

tf duration of sustained flaming [s]

THR_600s total heat release within 600 s [MJ]

TSPeoos total smoke production within 600 s [m²]

m’ mean value of the set of results of a continuous parameter determined in accordance

with the relevant test method using the minimum number of tests as specified in the test method

m mean value of the set of results of a continuous parameter determined in accordance

with the procedure in 7.3 and used for classification

4. Classes of reaction to fire performance

The classes with their corresponding fire performance are given in:

• Table 1 for construction products excluding floorings;

• Table 2 for floorings;

• Table 3 for linear pipe thermal insulation products.

Products classified in a given class are deemed to satisfy all the requirements of any lower class.

Pipe-insulation and insulation of cylindrical ducts with a maximum outer insulation diameter larger than 300 mm and insulation product intended to be used on flat surfaces shall be tested as prescribed in Table 1.

A classification can only be obtained by undertaking E> the tests or the extended application process required (3 for that particular product. A classification obtained for one product type, e.g. floorings, cannot be interpreted or accepted in a different classification system.

5. E) Test methods and field of application rules El

   1. General

The following test methods are specified in relation to the envisaged reaction to fire classification. The relevant classification parameters are given in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

Direct and extended application shall be carried out as described in CEN/TS 15117 and in prEN 15725.(3

This test identifies products that will not, or not significantly, contribute to a fire, regardless of their end use.

The test is relevant for the classes A1, A2, А1_л, A2_fl, A1_L and A2_L.

This test determines the potential maximum total heat release of a product when completely burning, regardless of its end use.

The test is relevant for the classes A1, A2, А1_л, A2_fl, A1_L and A2_L.

It allows the determination of both the gross heat of combustion (PCS) and the net heat of combustion (PCI).

This test evaluates the potential contribution of a product to the development of a fire, under a fire situation simulating a single burning item in a room corner near to that product. The test is relevant for the classes A2, A2_L, B, B_L, C, C_L, D and D_L. Under the conditions specified in 8.3.2 the test is also relevant for the class A1.

This test evaluates the ignitability of a product under exposure to a small flame. The test is relevant for the classes В, C, D, E, B_fl, Сц, Da , E_fl B_L, C_L, D_L and E_L.

This test evaluates the critical radiant flux below which flames no longer spread over a horizontal surface.

The test is relevant for the classes A2_fl, Ba, C_fl and D_fl.

5. E) Principles for testing, specimen preparation and field of application El

   1. General requirements for specimen preparation

Before testing, product specimens shall be prepared and conditioned and, where relevant, mounted in accordance with the relevant test methods, product specifications or other technical specifications. Ageing and washing procedures, if required by the relevant product specifications, are carried out in accordance with that specification. E) Rules for direct and extended application of test results may influence the choice of the specific specimen preparation and/or details of test arrangements, so as to cover an envisaged field of application of test results. €3

Non-combustibility and heat of combustion are product characteristics and are thus independent of the end use of the product.

For homogeneous products they are determined directly.

Non-combustibility and heat of combustion of non-homogeneous products are determined indirectly by prescriptive rules, from the data obtained on their substantial and non-substantial components.

The potential contribution of a product to a fire does not only depend on its intrinsic properties and the thermal attack, but also to a large extent on its end use application in the construction. Therefore, it shall be tested so as to simulate its end use application.

NOTE It should be noted that as a consequence of a product being used in different end use applications, the product can have different classifications relating to each application.

This end use application mainly includes the following aspects:

• the orientation of the product;

• its position in relation to other adjacent products (substrate, fixing etc.).

Typical orientations are:

• vertical, facing an open space (wall/facade position);

• vertical, facing a void;

• horizontal with exposed face downwards (ceiling position);

• horizontal with exposed face upwards (flooring position);

• horizontal within a void.

All construction products, except floorings, shall be tested in the vertical position for the purpose of reaction to fire classification.

Floorings shall be tested horizontally with the exposed face upwards according to EN ISO 9239-1, and vertically according to EN ISO 11925-2.

Typical positions in relation to other products are for example:

• free standing: without any product immediately behind or in front of it. In this case the product shall be tested free standing with an appropriate support;

• on a substrate: glued, mechanically fastened or simply in contact. In this case the product shall be tested with a substrate and fastening representing the end use application;

• forming a cavity with a substrate. The product shall be tested as such.

Details of test arrangements are given in the relevant test method.

Taking into account the role of the substrates and the fixings on the potential contribution of a product to a fire, a single product may be classified in different classes as a function of its end use application. If only one end use is envisaged, only that end use shall be tested.

Products which, in practice, are positioned in vertical or horizontal voids, are tested with an air gap. For such applications, asymmetrical products may be tested and classified for each side separately.

In order to reduce the amount of testing, a series of standard substrates is given in EN 13238 and a set of representative mounting conditions is given in the relevant test method or product specification. A sponsor, however, may choose none of the standard substrates or the representative mounting conditions, although this will limit the field of application of the test results and classifications obtained.

In the ignitability test (EN ISO 11925-2), products are tested with surface flame attack only if in the envisaged end use application direct flame attack on the edge cannot occur. This is the case for floorings. If edges can be exposed under end use conditions, both surface and edge flame attacks are applied.

Field of application can be defined using test reports and other relevant data, in accordance with the procedures specified in prEN 15725, which e.g. describes the role of extended application in the classification process.

5. Number of tests for classification

   1. The minimum number of tests is given in the appropriate test method.

   2. For a product to claim a particular classification all the relevant criteria, given in Table 1, 2 or 3, shall comply with the stated requirements.

   3. For each continuous parameter (AT, Am, t_f, PCS, PCI, FIGRA₀,₂mj, FIGRA_oamj,THR_600s, SMOGRA, TSP_600s, critical heat flux) the selection of the class is based on the mean value (m) of the set of results of this parameter, determined in accordance with the relevant test method, using the following procedure:

1. calculate the mean value (m’) of the set of results for this parameter using the minimum number of tests;

2. if m’ lies within the limits for an envisaged class, the value m used for classification is m’;

3. if m’ does not lie within the limits for an envisaged class, two additional tests may be carried out;

4. if two additional tests are carried out, the results for each parameter in these two tests shall be added to the set of results obtained in the minimum number of tests. Next, the two extremes (highest and lowest) for each parameter individually shall be excluded. The value m, used for classification, shall then be calculated using the remaining set of results for each parameter.

• If the set of results for this parameter does not contain a non-compliance, the result “compliant” shall be used for classification.

If the set of results for this parameter contains more than one non-compliance, the result “non- compliant” shall be used for classification.

If the set of results for this parameter contains only one non-compliant result, two additional tests may be carried out.

• If the two additional tests are not carried out, then the result “non-compliant” shall be used for classification.

If the two additional tests are carried out, and a further “non-compliant” is recorded, the result “non-compliant” shall be used for classification. If no further non-compliance results are recorded, then a result “compliant” shall be used for classification.

E) 7.6 Extended application results, obtained in accordance with the relevant extended application rules, are considered equivalent to test results. They are used in exactly the same way as test results for the classification of the product and building element. A classification report within the field of extended application shall include the extended application results, which appear from the extended application report.

5. Testing of construction products, excluding floorings (see Table 1)

   1. Class E

A product applying for class E shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 11925-2 with 15 s exposure time.

A product applying for class D, C or В shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 11925-2 with 30 s exposure time.

Products satisfying the EN ISO 11925-2 criteria for class D, C or В shall additionally be tested in accordance with EN 13823.

FIGRA_{0 2}mj shall first be used to determine whether the requirement for Class A2 or В is met and if it is not, FIGRA_oamj shall be used to determine whether Class C or D is met.

A product applying for class A1 shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 1182 and EN ISO 1716.

A product applying for class A2 shall be tested in accordance with either EN ISO 1182 or EN ISO 1716.

Each substantial component of a non-homogeneous product applying for class A1 shall be tested separately in accordance with EN ISO 1182 and EN ISO 1716. Additionally, any product with an external non-substantial component, having a PCS > 2,0 MJ/kg and a PCS < 2,0 MJ/m², shall be tested in accordance with EN 13823 (see Table 1 - footnote c - FIGRA in this case means FIGRA _{0 2M}j)-

Each substantial component of a non-homogeneous product applying for class A2 shall be tested separately in accordance with either EN ISO 1182 or EN ISO 1716. The non-substantial components of a non-homogeneous product shall be tested separately in accordance with EN ISO 1716 only.

Additionally, all products applying for class A2 shall be tested in accordance with EN 13823.

Classifications s1, s2 and s3 are deduced from the measuring data obtained from testing in accordance with EN 13823.

Classifications dO, d1 and d2 are deduced from observations of flaming droplets and particles:

• for class E in EN ISO 11925-2 (d2);

• for classes В, C and D in EN ISO 11925-2 and EN 13823 (dO, d1ord2);

• for class A2 (and under the conditions specified in 8.3.2) in EN 13823 (dO, d1 or d2).

9. Testing of floorings (see Table 2)

   1. Class E_fl

A product applying for class E_fl shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 11925-2 with 15 s exposure time.

A product applying for one of the classes D_fl, C_fl or B_fl shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 9239-1 and EN ISO 11925-2 with 15s exposure time.

A product applying for class A1_fl shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 1182 and EN ISO 1716.

A product applying for class A2_n shall be tested in accordance with EN ISO 9239-1, and either EN ISO 1182 or EN ISO 1716.

Each substantial component of a non-homogeneous product applying for class A1_fl shall be tested separately in accordance with EN ISO 1182 and EN ISO 1716.