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Technical Features |
Explanation |
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Resolution of detection |
Allows characterization of the minimal dimension that a target will have to be completely detected. The step of resolution determines the differentiation of perceptible dimension by the system between 2 targets of nearby size. Allows a keen adjustment of the sensibility between 2 targets. |
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Discrimination capacity |
Maximum of nonintruder object |
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Minimum detected mass without alarm |
Characterizes the minimal mass that the system can detect entirely at the range of detection. The step of resolution determines the differentiation of perceptible mass by the system between two targets of nearby size. Allows a keen adjustment of sensibility between two targets. The measure of the mass can be temperature, weight, radiofrequency absorption. |
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Intrusion qualification |
This family of characteristics allows a more exact qualification of a crossing on various geographical or dimensional criteria. |
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Intrusion location: video-confirmation |
Characterizes the capacity of the detector to indicate the location of the target more precisely than the nominal range. In complement, it indicates the resolution of location between two close but different targets (expressed in metres). |
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Target dimension |
Indicates the capacity to supply as a supplement to the alarm, the dimension or the range of dimension detected with a step of resolution between two targets of a nearby size. The dimension is expressed in the measure corresponding to the one used by the technology. |
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Target height |
Characterizes the capacity to supply as a supplement to the alarm the vertical dimension of the target which has crossed the zone of detection. |
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Immunity to weather variations |
Climatic conditions can disturb the performance of detection or decrease the reliability of the system by generating false alarms. For every meteorological condition, the system indicates the losses of performance connected to the technology. |
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Immunity to sun glare |
The measure of the loss of performance connected to the sun dazzle is rather difficult to measure. It is simply indicated that an average appreciation of loss of performance of the technology which could be made with the position of sunrise, at the zenith, sunset, by adding the number of luxes measured in the direction of the sun. |
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Maximum range in fog (in % of the Weather Optical range) |
The meteorological international standard norms define the meteorological visibility as the distance or the meteorological optical reach which corresponds to 95 % of attenuation of a light source. In cases where the technology (mainly optical) is altered by a loss of visibility, the maximal reach of detection is expressed in percentage of the optical reach . |
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Rain |
According to Mete о France, there would be no statement on the type of rain or snow. The weather report measures the result (height of precipitation) associated with the other parameters (visibility, humidity, temperature). |
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Snow |
According to Meteo France, there would be no statement on the type of rain or snow. The weather report measures the result (height of precipitation) associated with the other parameters (visibility, humidity, temperature). |
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Wind |
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Immunity to other disturbances |
Electro-magnetic |
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Underground vibrations |
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Underground fluids |
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Main false alarms causes |
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Technical Features Explanation
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Wiring / installation (Cabling / communication) |
Allows defining one or several means of communication that a technology or a system can offer to communicate with central equipment. |
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NO/NC output |
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Serial output |
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Native IP communication |
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Connection between active equipment |
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Other criteria |
Non-detection causes |
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False alarms causes |
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Identification (video confirmation) |
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Dissuasion |
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Intrusion delayed |
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Maintenance and breakdown/repair rate |
These characteristics are specific with each equipment and their integration in a standard is not adapted. |
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The following table gives the list of technical features and their subdivision as used in the tabled for the four families of technologies of intrusion detection.
Table D.2 — Definition of the technologies considered in Tables D.3 to D.6
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Technology |
Description |
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Infrared barrier |
A system made of one or several couples of emission and reception cells of an infrared radiation, which analyzes the emitted beams to detect their cut by a target. It triggers an alarm according to the number of beams cut during a certain time. |
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Hyper frequency barrier |
A system made of a couple of microwave emitter and receiver. The receiver analyzes the variation of the received signal when a target moves in the lobe of transmission and absorbs a part of the emitted signal. It triggers an alarm beyond the threshold of variations. |
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Video motion detection |
A system which analyzes the video signal transmitted by different types of cameras (visible, near infrared, thermal infrared) in order to detect any variation in the analyzed images. The more or less sophisticated algorithms differentiate the true target in motion from a variation of images resulting from the natural environment. |
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Video analysis of an infrared contrast pattern |
A system which analyzes the image of an infrared contrast pattern implanted at a distance. Thanks to a camera and a mirror effect, the infrared pattern is seen several times due to various heights of filming. The passage of a target between the pattern and the column of analysis generates a partial cut in every image of pattern, and in a different way according to the height of filming. An algorithm calculates the dimension and the location of the target by triangulation in order to trigger or not an alarm. |
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Passive infrared |
A system which analyzes any thermal motion perceived by pyro elements which receive the average thermal flow of a scene of variable dimension according to the optical device (lens) situated between the scene and the sensor. Some of the systems are equipped with several sensors, in order to differentiate the type of target or to locate the intruder in the scene and analyze its movement in |
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Technology |
Description |
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space. |
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Detection by Doppler effect |
A system which emits a microwave signal which is reflected by slightly modifying or not its frequency according to the speed of reflecting objects (Doppler effect); the system analyzes the power of the signals whose frequency has been modified and triggers or not an alarm according to the chosen parameters of sensibility. |
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Rotating Laser |
A system which emits a laser signal which make a quick rotation on an axis. It analyzes the distance measured by the time needed for the trip and round trip of the beam for every angular position. The comparison of the distances cartography measured cyclically at every rotation of the laser enables the detection of the target intrusion in the field of measurement and triggers or not an alarm according to its dimension and to its spatial evolution. |
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Combination of technology |
All those systems which, by combining complementary technologies (such as barrier infrared and hyper frequency, passive infrared and Doppler), allow false alarms to be avoided by making a logical combination AND alarms resulting from each technology, or to strengthen the certainty of detection by making a logical combination OR, every technology can generate an alarm. |
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Perimeter surveillance radar |
High resolution radar that accurately detects personnel and vehicles up to 2 500 m range. It operates in virtually any climate, weather or lighting condition to provide 24/7 security, scanning 360° every second. Scan a full 360 degrees covering over 6 km2 (2,3 square miles). |
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Liquid Tube |
A tube with a fluid is buried along the perimeter. The passage of the target provokes a pressure variation in the tube (increment (support) or redaction (leakage)). The analysis of the pressure variations allows an alarm release. |
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Underground coaxial |
A system of underground coaxial cables based on the coaxial cables technology (radiant). The detection field is shaped by signals of radio electrical frequency transported by the buried coaxial cables along the perimeter. The radio frequency signals make a field of an invisible electromagnetic detection around the sensor cables. The passage of a target varies the electromagnetic field which releases an alarm. |
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Seismic |
A geophone which is a device that converts ground movement (displacement) into voltage, which may be recorded at a recording station. The deviation of this measured voltage from the base line is called the seismic response and is analyzed for structure of the earth. |
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Optical fibre |
The optical fibre is fixed on the fence or integrated in the ground. The passage of a person provokes vibrations which are transmitted to the optical fibre. These vibrations make the luminous fluxes which cross the fibre vary. The analysis of the signal allows or not an alarm release according to the frequency and variation of the analysed signal. |
D.3 Stand-alone equipment
Table D.3 — Stand-alone equipment
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Technical Features |
Active IR beams |
Microwave |
Dual-tech barriers |
Video Motion Detection |
Active Video Detection |
Passive IR |
PIR + doppler |
Rotating Laser |
Radar |
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Detection zone features |
Range |
Up to 200 m |
Up to 200 m |
Up to 200 m |
30 m to 100 m |
Up to 200 m |
From 35 m (curtain) to 150 m (linear) |
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50 m to 200 m according to set-up |
Up to 2 500 m |
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Width: volume or curtain |
50 mm |
From 2 m to 10 m |
Combination |
NA |
Some centimetres |
Volumetric |
Volumetric |
Several millimetres |
Volumetric |
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Height |
Many metres depends on column |
Up to 3 m |
Up to 3 m |
Several metres |
Up to 3 m |
Typically 2,5 m to 3 m |
Typically 2,5 m to 3 m |
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Dead zone |
No |
Near the column |
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Near the camera |
No |
Depending on the lens |
Depending on the beams |
Yes under the beam |
No |
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Detection on concave areas |
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No |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
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Detection on convex areas |
No |
Yes if low hollow |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
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Disqualification/ Masking |
Yes |
No |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
No |
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Configuration of the width or sensitivity of the detection zone |
Yes |
Yes for the range, difficult for the width |
Yes with ‘'AND” function of the technologies |
No |
Yes |
No |
No |
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Technology |
Optical, radiofrequency, thermal, seismic |
Optical |
Radio frequency |
Combination |
Optical |
Optical |
Thermal |
Thermal and radio frequency |
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Radar |
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Detection |
Vertical |
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Yes |
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Technical Features |
Active IR beams |
Microwave |
Dual-tech barriers |
Video Motion Detection |
Active Video Detection |
Passive IR |
PIR + doppler |
Rotating Laser |
Radar |
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features |
detection |
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Ground-level detection |
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Yes |
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Minimum intrusion speed |
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Maximum intrusion speed |
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Resolution of detection |
Very variable depends on space between units 25 cm to 80 cm |
Very variable depends on the nature of the subject |
Very variable depends on space between units 25 cm to 80 cm |
Depends on the distance between the target and the camera |
Up to 1 cm |
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From 0,6 m to 1,2m |
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Discrimination capacity |
Maximum of non-intruder object |
Very low (some centimetres) Except by coupling the beams |
Medium depending on the target |
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Low near of the camera |
10 cm |
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• |
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Minimum detected mass without alarm |
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intrusion qualification |
Intrusion location: video- confirmation |
Zoning on a model top of the line |
No |
No |
Possible |
Yes |
Possible about 4° depending of the lens and the technology |
No |
Yes about 1° |
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Target dimension |
Yes, when number of disrupted beams is counted |
No |
No |
Yes possible depending on the 3 D analysis |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
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Technical Features |
Active IR beams |
Microwave |
Dual-tech barriers |
Video Motion Detection |
Active Video Detection |
Passive IR |
PIR + doppler |
Rotating Laser |
Radar |
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Target height |
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No |
No |
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Yes |
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Immunity to weather variations |
Immunity to sun glare |
Typically low on sunset / sunrise (xx lux) yy lux in a zenith point |
No sensitive to the light |
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Low |
No sensitive to the light |
Low |
Depends on the technology |
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No sensitive to the light |
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Maximum range in fog (in % of the Weather Optical range) |
Limited to the optical reach meteorological |
Good |
Good without IR |
Low 50 % to 80 % of the visibility |
Good 3 times the visibility |
Good if small range |
Good if small range |
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Good |
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Rain |
Good |
Good |
Good |
Medium |
Medium |
Good if small range |
Good if small range |
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Good |
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Snow |
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Good |
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Wind |
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Good |
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Immunity to other disturbances |
Electro-magnetic |
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Underground vibrations |
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Underground fluids |
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Main false alarms causes |
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Wiring / installation |
NO/NC output |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
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Serial output |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
Yes |
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Native IP communication |
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No |
No |
Yes possible |
Yes |
No |
No |
Yes |
Yes |
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Connection between active equipment |
Yes |
No need |
Yes |
No need |
No need |
No need |
No need |
No need |
No need |
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Other criteria |
Non-detection |
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