Страница 2: ДСТУ EN 13201-2:2016. Road lighting. Performance requirements (62014)

NOTE 2 The road surface luminance is the result of the illumination of the road surface, the reflection properties of the road surface and the geometrical conditions of observation. Conventions are given in EN 13201­3 and EN 13201-4, aiming at driving along stretches of road with viewing distances of between 60 m and 160 m.

NOTE 3 The average luminance (L) reflects the general luminance level at which the driver performs. At the low level of lighting used for road lighting, performance improves with luminance in terms of increasing contrast sensitivity, increasing visual acuity and amelioration of glare.

NOTE 4 The overall uniformity (L/_o) measures in a general way the variation of luminances and indicates how well the road surface serves as a background for road markings, objects and other road users.

NOTE 5 The longitudinal uniformity ((/) provides a measure of the conspicuity of the repeated pattern of bright and dark patches on the road. It relates to visual conditions on long uninterrupted sections of road.

NOTE 6 The threshold increment (/ті) indicates that although road lighting improves visual conditions it also causes disability glare to a degree depending on the type of luminaires, lamps and geometric situation. The calculated /ті values represent a young driver. The underlying cause of glare is scattering in the human eye which tends to increase with the age of the person. The increase is individual and may be low for some, by a factor of two for others and can be high for persons suffering from untreated cataract conditions.NOTE 7 Lighting confined to the carriageway is inadequate for revealing the immediate surrounds of the road and revealing road users at the kerb.

NOTE 8 In some countries, the road surface is damp or wet for a significant part of the hours of darkness. For a selected wet condition, an additional requirement to the overall uniformity (bo) can be made to avoid a serious downgrading of the performance for some of the damp periods.

5. Requirements for conflict areas

The C classes in Table 2 are intended for drivers of motorized vehicles, and other road users, on conflict areas such as shopping streets, road intersections of some complexity, roundabouts, queuing areas, etc.

NOTE 1 Guidance on the application of these classes is given in CEN/TR 13201-1.

C classes can also be applied to areas used by pedestrians and pedal cyclists, e.g. underpasses.

The average illuminance (Ё) and the overall uniformity of the illuminance (17_o) are to be calculated and measured in accordance with EN 13201-3 and EN 13201-4.

The road area for which the requirements of Table 2 apply can include the carriageway only, when applying separate requirements for the adequate lighting of other road areas for pedestrian and cyclists, or it can include also other road areas.

NOTE 2 Limitation of disability glare can be demonstrated by evaluating/ті values for all relevant combinations of observation directions and observer positions (see Annex C) or achieved by the selection of luminaires according to the classes G*l, G*2, G*3, G*4, G*5 or G*6 (see A.l).

Table 2 — C lighting classes based on road surface illuminance

NOTE 3 The C classes are mainly intended for use when the conventions for road surface luminance calculations do not apply or are impracticable. This can occur when the viewing distances are less than 60 m and when several observer positions are relevant. The C classes are simultaneously intended for other road users on the conflict area. The C classes have further application for pedestrian and pedal cyclists in such cases, where P and HS classes defined in 6.1 are not adequate.

6. Requirements for pedestrians and pedal cyclists

   1. General requirements

The P classes in Table 3 or the HS classes in Table 4 are intended for pedestrians and pedal cyclists on footways, cycleways, emergency lanes and other road areas lying separately or along the carriageway of a traffic route, and for residential roads, pedestrian streets, parking places, schoolyards, etc.

NOTE 1 Guidance on the application of the above-mentioned classes is given CEN/TR13201-1.

The average illuminance (Ё), the minimum illuminance (Emin), the average hemispherical illuminance (Ehs) and the overall uniformity of the hemispherical illuminance (t/₀) are to be calculated and measured according to EN 13201-3 and EN 13201-4.

The road area for which the requirements of Tables 3 and 4 apply can include all the road area such as carriageways on residential roads and reserves between carriageways, footways and cycleways.

NOTE 2 Limitation of disability glare can be demonstrated by evaluating/ті values for all relevant combinations of observation directions and observer positions (see Annex C) or achieved by the selection of luminaires according to the classes G*l, G*2, G*3, G*4, G*5 or G*6 (see A.l).

NOTE 3 Limitation of discomfort glare can be achieved by the selection of luminaires according to the classes DI, D2, D3, D4, D5 or D6 of Annex A (see А.2]. For the HS classes of Table 4, only the classes D5 or D6 are relevant.

Table 3 — P lighting classes

^a To provide for uniformity, the actual value of the maintained average illuminance shall not exceed 1,5 times the minimum Ё value indicated for the class.

NOTE 4 A high colour rendering contributes to a better facial recognition

.

Table 4 — HS lighting classes

The SC classes in Table 5 are intended as an additional class for pedestrian areas for the purposes of improving facial recognition and increasing the feeling of safety. The E_Sc,min shall be evaluated on a plane 1,5 m above the road area.

The EV classes in Table 6 are intended as an additional class in situations where vertical surfaces need to be seen, e.g. interchange areas.

The minimum semi-cylindrical illuminance (Esc,min) and the minimum vertical plane illuminance (Ev.min) are to be calculated and measured according to EN 13201-3 and EN 13201-4.

The road area for which the requirements of Tables 5 and 6 apply can include all the road area such as carriageways on residential roads and reserves between carriageways, footways and cycleways.

Table 5 — SC lighting classes

Table 6 — EV lighting classes

7. Appearance and environmental aspects

The design and siting of road lighting installations and equipment can make a great difference to the appearance of the road and the road environment, by day and by night. This applies not only to the road user, but also to the observer viewing the installation from some distance off the road.

Consideration shall be given to the following matters related to:

Day time appearance:

1. choice of supporting method, for example columns with or without brackets, suspension wires, or direct mounting on buildings;

2. design and colour of lighting columns;

3. scale and height of lighting columns or other suspension elements in relation to the height of adjacent buildings, trees and other salient objects in the field of view;

4. location of lighting columns in relation to views of scenic value;

5. design, length and tilt of brackets on columns;

6. tilt of luminaire;

7. choice of luminaire.

NOTE 1 Day time appearance is both a matter of taste, partly related to culture, and of matching the lighting installation to the surrounds and/or creating particular expressions.

Night time appearance and comfort:

8. colour appearance of the light;

9. colour rendering of the light;

10. mounting height of the luminaire;

11. lit appearance of the luminaire;lit appearance of the complete installation;

12. lit appearance of urban built-up environment;

n) optical guidance by direct light from the luminaire;

15. reduction of light levels at certain times.

NOTE 2 The elements to be considered for night time appearance and comfort have a strong impact on the mood, the performance and the aesthetic impression provided by the lighting installation. Night time appearance is both a matter of taste, partly related to culture, and of matching the lighting installation to the surrounds and/or creating particular expressions in the area to be lit - although with different means.

Minimizing light emitted in directions where it is neither necessary nor desirable:

15. in rural or suburban conditions, the obtrusive view of road lighting installations seen at a distance across open country. The use of full cut-off luminaires of luminous intensity classes G*4, G*5 and G*6 can help to reduce obtrusive light;

16. nuisance by light intruding into properties. Some reduction of intrusive light can be obtained by selecting an appropriate optical system or accessory to reduce the light in the direction of properties and/or by reducing source power;

17. light above the horizontal which when scattered in the atmosphere obscures the natural sight of the stars and impairs astronomical observation;

18. light can increase luminance levels in natural area which could affect ecological functions.

NOTE 3 Reduction of light levels in periods can help to minimize light emitted in directions where it is neither necessary nor desirable during those periods.

NOTE 4 When these aspects are important an adequate design of the lighting installation can minimize unwanted light and optimize energy and/or operational cost. At least the following parameters may be of influence: luminous intensity distribution and upper light output ratio of luminaires, environmental constrains, lighted surface reflection properties and installation layout

,Annex A
(informative)

Installed classes for glare restriction and control of obtrusive light

A.l Luminous intensity classes

In some situations it may be necessary to restrict disability glare from installations where the threshold increment (/ті) cannot be calculated, refer to A.3.

It can also be decided to control obtrusive light after consideration of the aspects listed in Clause 7.

Table A.l gives installed luminous intensity classes G*l, G*2, G*3, G*4, G*5 and G*6 from which a class can be chosen to meet appropriate requirements for restriction of disability glare and/or the control of obtrusive light.

Requirements for maximum luminous intensity in cd/klm as provided in Table A.l shall be checked for the actual tilt of the luminaire as installed.

Other requirements regarding luminous intensities to be zero above 95° for classes G*4 and G*5, and above 90° for class G*6, as provided in Table A.l shall be checked for the actual tilt of the luminaire unless it is evident from the construction of the luminaire that no light is emitted above the relevant angle; for instance when luminous apertures are not visible above the relevant angle.

Table A.l — Luminous intensity classes

^a Luminous intensities are given for any direction forming the specified angle from the downward vertical with the luminaire installed for use.

^b Any direction forming the specified angle from the downward vertical, with the luminaire installed for use.

^c Luminous intensities up to 1 cd/klm can be regarded as being zero.

NOTE 1 For luminaires equipped with lamps of higher luminous fluxes it may be necessary to limit also the absolute luminous intensities.

NOTE 2 G*l, G*2 and G*3 correspond to "semi cut-off and "cut-off concepts of traditional use, with requirements, however, modified to suit the prevailing use of light sources and luminaires. G*4, G*5 and G*6 correspond to full cut-off.

A.2 Glare index classes

Table A.2 gives glare index classes DO, DI, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D6 from which a class can be chosen to meet appropriate requirements for restriction of discomfort glare. These classes are intended mainly for road areas lit for the benefit of pedestrians and pedal cyclists. Useful restrictions of discomfort glare are provided mainly by the classes D4, D5 and D6.

The glare index is 7 x A-o.s, _unjt cd/m, where:

I is the maximum value of the luminous intensity (cd) in any direction forming an angle of 85° from the downward vertical;

A is the apparent area (m²) of the luminous parts of the luminaire on a plane perpendicular to the direction of I. If in the direction of 7, parts of the light source are visible, either directly or as images, the area A shall include only these parts.

NOTE 1 The apparent area A, as determined in a horizontal direction, can be sufficiently accurate.

NOTE 2 When a light distribution table for the luminaire in the conditions of operation is available, intensity (7) can be derived from the table.

Table A.2 — Glare index classes

EXAMPLE 1 A luminous sphere has a diameter of 0,6 m and an intensity of 60 cd per 1 000 Im bare lamp output in any direction. The apparent area is и x 0,6²/4 m² = 0,28 m² and the glare index value is 60 x O,28 ^{0 5} = 113 per 1 000 Im lamp output. With current lamp output values, the use of 50 W or 70 W high pressure sodium lamps for this particular luminaire results in classes D6 or D5 respectively.

EXAMPLE 2 A luminaire has a suspended bowl, shaped like a box of height 0,1 m, length 0,3 m and width 0,2 m. The maximum value of 1 x Л ⁰⁵ at 85° to the downward vertical is found in the plane perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the bowl, where:

I is 50 cd per 1 000 Im lamp output;

A is 0,3 x 0,2 x cos 85° + 0,3 x 0,1 x cos (90° - 85°) m² = 0,035 m², so that the glare index value is 50 x 0,035 °-⁵ = 267 per 1 000 Im lamp output.

A.3 Use of installed luminous intensity classes

A.3.1 Traffic routes

At a crest, it may be necessary to limit glare from luminaires beyond the crest as these luminaires may be viewed at angles where the intensity is high, and the more distant luminaires can appear low in the scene. At such situations, luminaires that conform to installed luminous intensity classes G*4, G*5 or G*6 could be used.

A.3.2 Lighting of bridges

When lighting bridges similar considerations to the lighting of crests may apply. There may be a reduced luminous foreground or confusing forward scene, either of which can reduce the forward view of the driver. Drivers approaching the crest of a bridge can experience glare from lights on and beyond the crest and have a reduced length of visible lit road before them. Beyond the crest, their forward view can be confused by the presence of road, vehicle and building lights occurring in the near and/or distant fields of view. An appropriate installed luminous intensity class G*4, G*5 or G*6 could be selected in order to mitigate such problems.