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This may be accomplished by interlocking the door with a disconnecting device (for example, the supply disconnecting device) so that the door can only be opened when the disconnecting device is open and so that the disconnecting device can only be closed when the door is closed.

Exception: a special device or tool as prescribed by the supplier can be used to defeat the interlock provided that:

• it is possible at all times while the interlock is defeated to open the disconnecting device and lock the disconnecting device in the OFF (isolated) position or otherwise prevent unauthorised closure of the disconnecting device;

• upon closing the door, the interlock is automatically restored;

• all live parts, that are likely to be touched when resetting or adjusting devices intended for such operations while the equipment is still connected, are protected against direct contact to at least IP2X or IPXXB and other live parts on the inside of doors are protected against direct contact to at least IP1X or IPXXA;

• relevant information is provided with the electrical equipment (see 17.2 b)9) and b)12)).

NOTE 2 The special device or tool is intended for use only by skilled or instructed persons (see 17.2 b)12)).

Means shall be provided to restrict access to live parts behind doors not directly interlocked with the disconnecting means to skilled or instructed persons. (See 17.2 b)12)).

All parts that are still live after switching off the disconnecting device(s) (see 5.3.5) shall be protected against direct contact to at least IP2X or IPXXB (see IEC 60529). Such parts shall be marked with a warning sign in accordance with 16.2.1 (see also 13.2.4 for identification of conductors by colour).

Excepted from this requirement for marking are:

• parts that can be live only because of connection to interlocking circuits and that are distinguished by colour as potentially live in accordance with 13.2.4;

• the supply terminals of the supply disconnecting device when the latter is mounted alone in a separate enclosure.

c) Opening without the use of a key or a tool and without disconnection of live parts shall be possible only when all live parts are protected against direct contact to at least IP2X or IPXXB (see IEC 60529). Where barriers provide this protection, either they shall require a tool for their removal or all live parts protected by them shall be automatically disconnected when the barrier is removed.

NOTE 3 Where protection against direct contact is achieved in accordance with 6.2.2 c), and a hazard can be caused by manual actuation of devices (for example manual closing of contactors or relays), such actuation should be prevented by barriers or obstacles that require a tool for their removal.

Live parts protected by insulation shall be completely covered with insulation that can only be removed by destruction. Such insulation shall be capable of withstanding the mechanical, chemical, electrical, and thermal stresses to which it can be subjected under normal operating conditions.

NOTE Paints, varnishes, lacquers, and similar products alone are generally considered to be inadequate for protection against electric shock under normal operating conditions.

Live parts having a residual voltage greater than 60 V after the supply has been disconnected shall be discharged to 60 V or less within a time period of 5 s after disconnection of the supply voltage provided that this rate of discharge does not interfere with the proper functioning of the equipment. Exempted from this requirement are components having a stored charge of 60 pC or less. Where this specified rate of discharge would interfere with the proper functioning of the equipment, a durable warning notice drawing attention to the hazard and stating the delay required before the enclosure may be opened shall be displayed at an easily visible location on or immediately adjacent to the enclosure containing the capacitances.

In the case of plugs or similar devices, the withdrawal of which results in the exposure of conductors (for example pins), the discharge time shall not exceed 1 s, otherwise such conductors shall be protected against direct contact to at least IP2X or IPXXB. If neither a discharge time of 1 s nor a protection of at least IP2X or IPXXB can be achieved (for example in the case of removable collectors on conductor wires, conductor bars, or slip-ring assemblies, see 12.7.4), additional switching devices or an appropriate warning device (for example a warning notice in accordance with 16.1) shall be applied.

For protection by barriers, 412.2 of IEC 60364-4-41 shall apply.

For protection by placing out of reach, 412.4 of IEC 60364-4-41 shall apply. For protection by obstacles, 412.3 of IEC 60364-4-41 shall apply.

For conductor wire systems or conductor bar systems with a degree of protection less than IP2X, see 12.7.1.

6.3 Protection against indirect contact

Protection against indirect contact (3.29) is intended to prevent hazardous situations due to an insulation fault between live parts and exposed conductive parts.

For each circuit or part of the electrical equipment, at least one of the measures in accordance with 6.3.2 to 6.3.3 shall be applied:

• measures to prevent the occurrence of a touch voltage (6.3.2); or

• automatic disconnection of the supply before the time of contact with a touch voltage can become hazardous (6.3.3).

NOTE 1 The risk of harmful physiological effects from a touch voltage depends on the value of the touch voltage and the duration of possible exposure.

NOTE 2 For classes of equipment and protective provisions, see IEC 61140.

Measures to prevent the occurrence of a touch voltage include the following:

• provision of class II equipment or by equivalent insulation;

• electrical separation.

This measure is intended to prevent the occurrence of touch voltages on the accessible parts through a fault in the basic insulation.

This protection is provided by one or more of the following:

• class II electrical devices or apparatus (double insulation, reinforced insulation or by equivalent insulation in accordance with IEC 61140);

• switchgear and controlgear assemblies having total insulation in accordance with IEC 60439-1;

• supplementary or reinforced insulation in accordance with 413.2 of IEC 60364-4-41.

Electrical separation of an individual circuit is intended to prevent a touch voltage through contact with exposed conductive parts that can be energized by a fault in the basic insulation of the live parts of that circuit.

For this type of protection, the requirements of 413.5 of IEC 60364-4-41 apply.

This measure consists of the interruption of one or more of the line conductors by the automatic operation of a protective device in case of a fault. This interruption shall occur within a sufficiently short time to limit the duration of a touch voltage to a time within which the touch voltage is not hazardous. Interruption times are given in Annex A.

This measure necessitates co-ordination between:

• the type of supply and earthing system;

• the impedance values of the different elements of the protective bonding system;

• the characteristics of the protective devices that detect insulation fault(s).

Automatic disconnection of the supply of any circuit affected by an insulation fault is intended to prevent a hazardous situation resulting from a touch voltage.

This protective measure comprises both:

• protective bonding of exposed conductive parts (see 8.2.3),

• and either:

1. overcurrent protective devices for the automatic disconnection of the supply on detection of an insulation fault in TN systems, or

2. residual current protective devices to initiate the automatic disconnection of the supply on detection of an insulation fault from a live part to exposed conductive parts or to earth in TT systems, or

3. insulation monitoring or residual current protective devices to initiate automatic disconnection of IT systems. Except where a protective device is provided to interrupt the supply in the case of the first earth fault, an insulation monitoring device shall be provided to indicate the occurrence of a first fault from a live part to exposed conductive parts or to earth. This insulation monitoring device shall initiate an audible and/or visual signal which shall continue as long as the fault persists.

NOTE In large machines, the provision of an earth fault location system can facilitate maintenance.

Where automatic disconnection is provided in accordance with a), and disconnection within the time specified in Clause A.1 cannot be assured, supplementary bonding shall be provided as necessary to meet the requirements of Clause A.3.

6.4 Protection by the use of PELV

The use of PELV (Protective Extra-Low Voltage) is to protect persons against electric shock from indirect contact and limited area direct contact (see 8.2.5).

PELV circuits shall satisfy all of the following conditions:

1. the nominal voltage shall not exceed:

• 25 V a.c. r.m.s. or 60 V ripple-free d.c. when the equipment is normally used in dry locations and when large area contact of live parts with the human body is not expected; or

• 6 V a.c. r.m.s. or 15 V ripple-free d.c. in all other cases;

2. NOTE Ripple-free is conventionally defined for a sinusoidal ripple voltage as a ripple content of not more than 10 % r.m.s.one side of the circuit or one point of the source of the supply of that circuit shall be connected to the protective bonding circuit;

3. live parts of PELV circuits shall be electrically separated from other live circuits. Electrical separation shall be not less than that required between the primary and secondary circuits of a safety isolating transformer (see IEC 61558-1 and IEC 61558-2-6 );

4. conductors of each PELV circuit shall be physically separated from those of any other circuit. When this requirement is impracticable, the insulation provisions of 13.1.3 shall apply;

5. plugs and socket-outlets for a PELV circuit shall conform to the following:

1. plugs shall not be able to enter socket-outlets of other voltage systems;

2. socket-outlets shall not admit plugs of other voltage systems.

The source for PELV shall be one of the following:

• a safety isolating transformer in accordance with IEC 61558-1 and IEC 61558-2-6;

• a source of current providing a degree of safety equivalent to that of the safety isolating transformer (for example a motor generator with winding providing equivalent isolation);

• an electrochemical source (for example a battery) or another source independent of a higher voltage circuit (for example a diesel-driven generator);

• an electronic power supply conforming to appropriate standards specifying measures to be -taken to ensure that, even in the case of an internal fault, the voltage at the outgoing terminals cannot exceed the values specified in 6.4.1.

7 Protection of equipment

This Clause details the measures to be taken to protect equipment against the effects of:

• overcurrent arising from a short circuit;

• overload and/or loss of cooling of motors;

• abnormal temperature;

• loss of or reduction in the supply voltage;

• overspeed of machines/machine elements;

• earth fault/residual current;

• incorrect phase sequence;

• overvoltage due to lightning and switching surges.

Overcurrent protection shall be provided where the current in a machine circuit can exceed either the rating of any component or the current carrying capacity of the conductors, whichever is the lesser value. The ratings or settings to be selected are detailed in 7.2.10.

Unless otherwise specified by the user, the supplier of the electrical equipment is not responsible for providing the overcurrent protective device for the supply conductors to the electrical equipment (see Annex B).

The supplier of the electrical equipment shall state on the installation diagram the data necessary for selecting the overcurrent protective device (see 7.2.10 and 17.4).

Devices for detection and interruption of overcurrent, selected in accordance with 7.2.10, shall be applied to each live conductor.

The following conductors, as applicable, shall not be disconnected without disconnecting all associated live conductors:

• the neutral conductor of a.c. power circuits;

• the earthed conductor of d.c. power circuits;

• d.c. power conductors bonded to exposed conductive parts of mobile machines.

Where the cross-sectional area of the neutral conductor is at least equal to or equivalent to that of the phase conductors, it is not necessary to provide overcurrent detection for the neutral conductor nor a disconnecting device for that conductor. For a neutral conductor with a cross- sectional area smaller than that of the associated phase conductors, the measures detailed in 524 of IEC 60364-5-52 shall apply.

In IT systems, it is recommended that the neutral conductor is not used. However, where a neutral conductor is used, the measures detailed in 431.2.2 of IEC 60364-4-43 shall apply.

Conductors of control circuits directly connected to the supply voltage and of circuits supplying control circuit transformers shall be protected against overcurrent in accordance with 7.2.3.

Conductors of control circuits supplied by a control circuit transformer or d.c. supply shall be protected against overcurrent (see also 9.4.3.1):

• in control circuits connected to the protective bonding circuit, by inserting an overcurrent protective device into the switched conductor;

• in control circuits not connected to the protective bonding circuit;

• where the same cross sectional area conductors are used in all control circuits, by inserting an overcurrent protective device into the switched conductor, and;

• where different cross sectional areas conductors are used in different sub-circuits, by inserting an overcurrent protective device into both switched and common conductors of each sub-circuit.

Overcurrent protection shall be provided for the circuits feeding the general purpose socket outlets intended primarily for supplying power to maintenance equipment. Overcurrent protective devices shall be provided in the unearthed live conductors of each circuit feeding such socket outlets.

All unearthed conductors of circuits supplying lighting shall be protected against the effects of short circuits by the provision of overcurrent devices separate from those protecting other circuits.

Transformers shall be protected against overcurrent in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Such protection shall (see also 7.2.10):

• avoid nuisance tripping due to transformer magnetizing inrush currents;

• avoid a winding temperature rise in excess of the permitted value for the insulation class of transformer when it is subjected to the effects of a short circuit at its secondary terminals.

The type and setting of the overcurrent protective device should be in accordance with the recommendations of the transformer supplier.

An overcurrent protective device shall be located at the point where a reduction in the cross- sectional area of the conductors or another change reduces the current-carrying capacity of the conductors, except where all the following conditions are satisfied:

• the current carrying capacity of the conductors is at least equal to that of the load;

• the part of the conductor between the point of reduction of current-carrying capacity and the position of the overcurrent protective device is no longer than 3 m;

• the conductor is installed in such a manner as to reduce the possibility of a short-circuit, for example, protected by an enclosure or duct.

The rated short-circuit breaking capacity shall be at least equal to the prospective fault current at the point of installation. Where the short-circuit current to an overcurrent protective device can include additional currents other than from the supply (for example from motors, from power factor correction capacitors), those currents shall be taken into consideration.

A lower breaking capacity is permitted where another protective device (for example the overcurrent protective device for the supply conductors (see 7.2.2) having the necessary breaking capacity is installed on the supply side. In that case, the characteristics of the two devices shall be co-ordinated so that the let-through energy (7²r) of the two devices in series does not exceed that which can be withstood without damage to the overcurrent protective device on the load side and to the conductors protected by that device (see Annex A of IEC 60947-2).

NOTE The use of such a co-ordinated arrangement of overcurrent protective devices can result in the operation of both overcurrent protective devices.

Where fuses are provided as overcurrent protective devices, a type readily available in the country of use shall be selected, or arrangements shall be made for the supply of spare parts.

The rated current of fuses or the setting current of other overcurrent protective devices shall be selected as low as possible but adequate for the anticipated overcurrents (for example during starting of motors or energizing of transformers). When selecting those protective devices, consideration shall be given to the protection of switching devices against damage due to overcurrents (for example welding of the switching device contacts).

The rated current or setting of an overcurrent protective device is determined by the current carrying capacity of the conductors to be protected in accordance with 12.4, D.2 and the maximum allowable interrupting time t in accordance with Clause D.3, taking into account the needs of co-ordination with other electrical devices in the protected circuit.

Protection of motors against overheating shall be provided for each motor rated at more than 0,5 kW.

Exceptions:

In applications where an automatic interruption of the motor operation is unacceptable (for example fire pumps), the means of detection shall give a warning signal to which the operator can respond.

Protection of motors against overheating can be achieved by:

• overload protection (7.3.2),

NOTE 1 Overload protective devices detect the time and current relationships (/²r) in a circuit that are in excess of the rated full load of the circuit and initiate appropriate control responses.

• over-temperature protection (7.3.3), or

NOTE 2 Temperature detection devices sense over-temperature and initiate appropriate control responses.

• current-limiting protection (7.3.4).

Automatic restarting of any motor after the operation of protection against overheating shall be prevented where this can cause a hazardous situation or damage to the machine or to the work in progress.

Where overload protection is provided, detection of overload(s) shall be provided in each live conductor except for the neutral conductor. However, where the motor overload detection is not used for cable overload protection (see also Clause D.2), the number of overload detection devices may be reduced at the request of the user (see also Annex B). For motors having single-phase or d.c. power supplies, detection in only one unearthed live conductor is permitted.

Where overload protection is achieved by switching off, the switching device shall switch off all live conductors. The switching of the neutral conductor is not necessary for overload protection.

Where motors with special duty ratings are required to start or to brake frequently (for example, motors for rapid traverse, locking, rapid reversal, sensitive drilling) it can be difficult to provide overload protection with a time constant comparable with that of the winding to be protected. Appropriate protective devices designed to accommodate special duty motors or over-temperature protection (see 7.3.3) can be necessary.

For motors that cannot be overloaded (for example torque motors, motion drives that either are protected by mechanical overload protection devices or are adequately dimensioned), overload protection is not required.

The provision of motors with over-temperature protection (see IEC 60034-11) is recommended in situations where the cooling can be impaired (for example dusty environments). Depending upon the type of motor, protection under stalled rotor or loss of phase conditions is not always ensured by over-temperature protection, and additional protection should then be provided.